| substantia gelatinosa | The apex of the posterior horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord is capped by a V-shaped or crescentic mass of translucent, gelatinous neuroglia, termed the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando (or SGR) (or gelatinous substance of posterior horn of spinal cord), which contains both neuroglia cells, and small nerve cells. The gelatinous appearance is due to a very low concentration of myelinated fibers.It is named after Luigi Rolando. It corresponds to Rexed lamina II [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_gelatinosa_of_Rolando]. | substantia gelatinosa of Rolando; gelatinous substance of posterior horn of spinal cord |
| renal vasculature | The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_artery]. | renal artery |
| dorsolateral column | The posterolateral tract (fasciculus of Lissauer, Lissauer's tract, tract of Lissauer, dorsolateral fasciculus, dorsolateral tract, zone of Lissauer) is a small strand situated in relation to the tip of the posterior column close to the entrance of the posterior nerve roots [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterolateral_tract]. | posterolateral tract; fasciculus of Lissauer; Lissauer's tract; tract of Lissauer; dorsolateral fasciculus; dorsolateral tract; zone of Lissauer |
| nucleus thoracicus | Clarke's column (column of Clarke, dorsal nucleus, posterior thoracic nucleus) is a group of interneurons found in Lamina VII, also known as the intermediate zone, of the spinal cord [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_thoracic_nucleus]. | posterior thoracic nucleus; Clarke's column; column of Clarke; dorsal nucleus; posterior thoracic nucleus |
| tract | A neural pathway, neural tract, or neural face, connects one part of the nervous system with another and usually consists of bundles of elongated, myelin-insulated neurons, known collectively as white matter. Neural pathways serve to connect relatively distant areas of the brain or nervous system, compared to the local communication of grey matter [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_pathway]. | neural pathway; neural tract; neural face |
| intermediomedial column | The term intermediomedial cell column refers to a cell column that occupies the medial portion of lamina VII along the central canal of the spinal cord (Anthoney-1994; Carpenter-1983) [BrainInfo: http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1668]. | intermediomedial cell column; intermediomedial nucleus; nucleus intermediomedialis |
| internal ear | The inner ear is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts: (1) The cochlea, dedicating to hearing; converting sound pressure impulses from the outer ear into electrical impulses which are passed on to the brain via the auditory nerve. (2) The vestibular system, dedicated to balance [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_ear]. | inner ear |
| visceral column | A column of gray matter in the hindbrain and spinal cord of the embryo, represented in the adult by the dorsal nucleus of the vagus, the superior and inferior salivatory and Edinger-Westphal nuclei and the visceral motor neurones of the spinal cord [Wikipedia: http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?general+visceral+efferent+column]. | general viseral efferent column |
| dorsal column | In neuroanatomy, the dorsal column nuclei are a pair of nuclei in the brainstem. The name refers collectively to the cuneate nucleus and gracile nucleus, which are present at the junction between the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. Both nuclei contain secondary neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway, which carries fine touch and proprioceptive information from the body to the brain. The gracile nucleus is medial to the cuneate nucleus; its neurons receive afferent input from dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons subserving the lower trunk and limbs, while neurons of the cuneate nucleus receive connections from dorsal root neurons innervating the upper body. Neurons of the dorsal column nuclei send axons that form the internal arcuate fibers, decussating (crossing to the opposite side) to form the medial lemniscus, ultimately synapsing with third-order neurons of the thalamus. Because each nucleus contains a large population of neurons, the dorsal column nuclei give rise to characteristic bumps or tubercles when viewing the posterior side of the intact brainstem. In particular, the cuneate nucleus gives rise to the cuneate tubercle, while the gracile nucleus gives rise to the gracile tubercle [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_column_nuclei]. | dorsal column nuclei |
| globe | The globe of the eye, or bulbus oculi, is the eyeball apart from its appendages. A hollow structure, the bulbus oculi is composed of a wall enclosing a cavity filled with fluid with three coats: the Sclera, Choroid, and the Retina. Normally, the bulbus oculi is bulb-like structure. However, the bulbus oculi is not completely spherical. Its anterior surface, transparent and more curved, is known as the cornea of the bulbus oculi [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_(human_eye)]. | bulbus oculi |
| blood brain barrier | The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a separation of circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS). It occurs along all capillaries and consists of tight junctions around the capillaries that do not exist in normal circulation. Endothelial cells restrict the diffusion of microscopic objects (e.g. bacteria) and large or hydrophilic molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), while allowing the diffusion of small hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, hormones). Cells of the barrier actively transport metabolic products such as glucose across the barrier with specific proteins. This barrier also includes a thick basement membrane and astrocytic endfeet [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier]. | blood-brain barrier |
| brain stem | The part of the brain composed of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata and connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum [Brenda]. | — |
| left ventricle | The ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart. The left ventricle is the chamber that receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it out under high pressure to the body via the aorta [Brenda]. | — |
| cerebellum | A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe [Brenda]. | — |
| parotid gland | Either of a pair of large serous salivary glands situated below and in front of the ear [Brenda]. | — |
| submandibular gland | One of the three chief, paired salivary glands, predominantly serous, lying partly above and partly below the posterior half of the base of the mandible [Brenda]. | — |
| sublingual gland | Gland situated or administered under the tongue; the smallest of the three salivary glands, occurring in pairs, predominantly mucous in type, and draining into the oral cavity through 10 to 30 sublingual ducts [Brenda]. | — |
| ventricular system | The ventricular system is a set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_system]. | — |
| duodenum | The first part of the small intestine extending from the pylorus to the jejunum [Brenda]. | — |
| jejunum | The section of the small intestine that comprises the first two fifths beyond the duodenum and that is larger, thicker-walled, and more vascular and has more circular folds than the ileum [Brenda]. | — |
| ileum | The last division of the small intestine extending between the jejunum and large intestine [Brenda]. | — |
| cerebrospinal fluid | The serumlike fluid that circulates through the ventricles of the brain, the cavity of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space, functioning in shock absorption.nA liquid that is comparable to serum but contains less dissolved material, that is secreted from the blood into the lateral ventricles of the brain by the choroid plexus, circulates through the ventricles to the spaces between the meninges about the brain and spinal cord, and is resorbed into the blood through the subarachnoid sinuses, and that serves chiefly to maintain uniform pressure within the brain and spinal cord [Brenda]. | — |
| meninges | The meninges (singular meninx from the Greek μá¿Î½Î¹Î³Î¾, "membrane") is the system of membranes which envelopes the central nervous system. In mammals, the meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninges]. | — |
| colorectal | Colorectal includes the colon and the rectum [MedTerms: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2794]. | — |
| white matter | White matter is one of the two components of the central nervous system and consists mostly of glial cells and myelinated axons that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and between the cerebrum and lower brain centers. White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color is due to its usual preservation in formaldehyde. A 20 year-old male has around 176,000 km of myelinated axons in his brain [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter]. | — |
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