| nail bed | The formative layer of cells at the base of the fingernail or toenail; the matrix. Also called keratogenous membrane, matrix unguis. It is the area of modified epithelium beneath the nail, over which the nail plate slides forward as it grows [MedicalDictionary: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nail+bed]. | keratogenous membrane; matrix unguis |
| nail | A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes in humans, most non-human primates, and a few other mammals. Nails are similar to claws, which are found on numerous other animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protein called keratin, as are animals' hooves and horns. The mammalian nail, claw, and hoof are all examples of unguis (plural ungues) [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)]. | — |
| sweat gland | A simple tubular gland of the skin that secretes perspiration, is widely distributed in nearly all parts of the human skin, and consists typically of an epithelial tube extending spirally from a minute pore on the surface of the skin into the dermis or subcutaneous tissues where it ends in a convoluted tuft [Brenda]. | — |
| sebaceous gland | Any of various glands in the dermis of the skin that open into a hair follicle and produce and secrete sebum [Brenda]. | — |
| brain | 1: The portion of the vertebrate central nervous system that constitutes the organ of thought and neural coordination, includes all the higher nervous centers receiving stimuli from the sense organs and interpreting and correlating them to formulate the motor impulses, is made up of neurons and supporting and nutritive structures, is enclosed within the skull, and is continuous with the spinal cord through the foramen magnum. Also named encephalon.n2: A nervous center in invertebrates comparable in position and function to the vertebrate brain [Brenda]. | — |
| spinal cord | The cord of nervous tissue that extends from the brain lengthwise along the back in the vertebral canal, gives off the pairs of spinal nerves, carries impulses to and from the brain, and serves as a center for initiating and coordinating many reflex acts [Brenda]. | — |
| visual apparatus | The visual apparatus consists of nervous tissues immediately concerned in giving rise to sensations, supported, protected, and nourished by other parts. Its essential parts are, (1) the retina, a thin membrane lying in the eyeball and containing microscopic elements which are so acted upon by light as to stimulate (2) the optic nerve; this nerve ends (3) in a part of the brain (visual centre) which when stimulated arouses in our consciousness a feeling or sensation of sight. The visual centre may be excited in very many ways, and quite independently of the optic nerve or the retina; as is frequently seen in delirious persons, in whom inflammation or congestion of the brain excites directly the visual centre and gives rise to visual hallucinations [Newell Martin, 1895: http://bookdome.com/health/anatomy/Human-Body/The-Human-Visual-Apparatus.html]. | — |
| auditory apparatus | All of the components of the organ of hearing including the outer and middle and inner ears. | — |
| olfactory apparatus | The entire system needed to have a sense of smell. This system involves at least 1,000 genes for the olfactory receptors. These genes are members of a large family of genes that encode signaling proteins required for the detection and discrimination of odors. Many of these olfactory genes are arranged in large clusters on chromosomes 6, 11, and 17, as well as distributed on other chromosomes. The mouse has more genes than do humans relating to reproduction, immunity and olfaction, suggesting that these physiological systems have been the focus of extensive innovation in rodents. It seems that sex, infection, and smell have been most on the mouse's evolutionary mind [MedTerms: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=39211]. | — |
| peripheral nerve | The peripheral nerves include the 12 cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and roots, and what are called the autonomic nerves that are concerned specifically with the regulation of the heart muscle, the muscles in blood vessel walls, and glands [Brenda]. | — |
| ganglion | A group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system. The term is occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, such as the basal ganglia [Brenda]. | — |
| sympathetic chain | Either of the pair of ganglionated longitudinal cords of the sympathetic nervous system of which one is situated on each side of the spinal column [Brenda]. | — |
| skeletal muscle | A usually voluntary muscle made up of elongated, multinucleated, transversely striated muscle fibers, having principally bony attachments [Brenda]. | — |
| smooth muscle | Muscle tissue that lacks cross striations, that is made up of elongated spindle-shaped cells having a central nucleus, and that is found in vertebrate visceral structures (as the stomach and bladder) as thin sheets performing functions not subject to conscious control by the mind and in all or most of the musculature of invertebrates other than arthropods [Brenda]. | — |
| carotid artery | A key artery located in the front of the neck that carries blood from the heart to the brain. Cholesterol plaques on the inner wall of the carotid artery can lead to stroke [Brenda]. | — |
| coronary artery | Either of two arteries that arise one from the left and one from the right side of the aorta immediately above the semilunar valves and supply the tissues of the heart itself [Brenda]. | — |
| palatine tonsil | Palatine tonsils are the tonsils that can be seen on the left and right sides at the back of the throat [Brenda]. | — |
| hematopoietic stem cells | Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), also spelled hæmatopoietic stem cells, are multipotent stem cells that give rise to all the blood cell types from the myeloid (monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes/platelets, dendritic cells), and lymphoid lineages (T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells). The definition of haematopoietic stem cells has undergone considerable revision in the last two decades. The hematopoietic tissue contains cells with long-term and short-term regeneration capacities and committed multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent progenitors. HSCs constitute 1:10.000 of cells in myeloid tissue [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell]. | — |
| ulna | The ulna is one of the two long bones in the forearm, the other being the radius. It is prismatic in form and runs parallel to the radius, which is shorter and smaller. In anatomical position (i.e. when the arms are down at the sides of the body and the palms of the hands face forward) the ulna is located at the side of the forearm closest to the body (the medial side), the side of the little finger [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna]. | — |
| femur | The bone that extends from the pelvis to the knee, being the longest and largest bone in the body; its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone, and distally, the femur, along with the patella and tibia, forms the knee joint [Brenda]. | — |
| mesenchymal stem cell | A special adult stem cell, which is a multipotent stem cell, that can be found in bone marrow and can produce all cell types of bone, cartilage, fat, blood, and connective tissues [Brenda]. | — |
| thoracic wall | The thoracic wall (or chest wall) is the boundary of the thoracic cavity. The bony portion is known as the thoracic cage. However, the wall also includes muscle, skin, and fascia [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_wall]. | — |
| myeloid progenitor cell | One of the two stem cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells, the other being the lymphoid progenitor cell. Derived from these myeloid progenitor cells are the erythroid progenitor cells and the myeloid cells [Brenda]. | — |
| T cell progenitor | T cells begin their development as a proginotor with the bone marrow but complete their differentiation with the thymus [Awong et al., 2011: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21622245]. T cell progenitors are CD34+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells which can be isolated from the blood or the bone marrow [Daniel Wuttke]. | — |
| wrinkle | A wrinkle is a fold, ridge or crease in the skin. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of aging processes such as glycation or, temporarily, as the result of prolonged (more than a few minutes) immersion in water. Wrinkling in the skin is caused by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors. With prolonged water exposure, the outer layer of skin starts to absorb water. The skin doesn't expand evenly, causing it to wrinkle. Depletion of water in the body, as occurs with dehydration, can also cause this puckering of the skin. Cortisol causes degradation of skin collagen [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrinkle]. | — |
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