| semicircular canal | Three membranous semicircular tubes contained in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear. They are concerned with equilibrium and the interpretation of the bodys position in space. The three canals are set anterior, posterior, and lateral, at right angles to each other and are situated superior and posterior to the vestibule [Brenda]. | — |
| occipital lobe | This lobe is located at the back of the head and is involved in vision and reading [Brenda]. | — |
| visual | The visual system is the part of the central nervous system which enables organisms to process visual detail, as well as enabling several non-image forming photoresponse functions. It interprets information from visible light to build a representation of the surrounding world. The visual system accomplishes a number of complex tasks, including the reception of light and the formation of monocular representations; the construction of a binocular perception from a pair of two dimensional projections; the identification and categorization of visual objects; assessing distances to and between objects; and guiding body movements in relation to visual objects. The psychological manifestation of visual information is known as visual perception, a lack of which is called blindness. Non-image forming visual functions, independent of visual perception, include the pupillary light reflex (PLR) and circadian photoentrainment [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_system]. | — |
| vestibule | The vestibule is the central part of the osseous labyrinth, and is situated medial to the tympanic cavity, behind the cochlea, and in front of the semicircular canals. The etymology comes from the Latin vestibulum, literally an entrance hall [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear]. | vestibule of the ear |
| vestibular nuclei | The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei]. | — |
| ventromedial nucleus | The ventromedial nucleus (sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventromedial_nucleus]. | — |
| ventral posterior thalamic nucleus | The ventral posterior nucleus is the somato-sensory relay nucleus in thalamus of the brain. The ventral posterior nucleus receives neuronal input from the medial lemniscus, spinal lemniscus, spinothalamic tracts, and trigeminothalamic tract. It projects to the somatosensory cortex and the ascending reticuloactivation system. Functions in touch, body position, pain, temperature, itch, taste, and arousal [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_posterior_nucleus]. | — |
| anterior ventral thalamic nucleus | The ventral anterior nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus. The ventral anterior nucleus receives neuronal inputs from the basal ganglia which includes the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus. It also has inputs from the cerebellum. It sends out neuronal input to the supplementary motor cortex and to primary motor cortex. It helps to function in planning movement. It initiates wanted movement and inhibits unwanted movement [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_anterior_nucleus]. | ventral anterior nucleus |
| ventral anterior thalamic nucleus | The ventral anterior nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_anterior_nucleus]. | — |
| parietal lobe | The upper central lobe of the cerebral hemisphere, separated from the temporal lobe below by the lateral sulcus, but continuous at the posterior end of that sulcus, and separated from the frontal lobe by the central sulcus. Behind, it is continuous with the occipital lobe on the lateral surface, but separated from it by the parietooccipital sulcus on the medial surface [Brenda]. | — |
| tuberomamillary nucleus | The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber_cinereum]. | — |
| trapezoid nucleus | The trapezoid body is part of the auditory pathway. It is a bundle of fibers and cells in the pontine tegmentum. It consists of fibers arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus. A collection of nerve cells inside forms a trapezoid nucleus. The superior olivary nucleus is situated on the dorsal surface of the trapezoid body. Most nerve fibers pass directly from the superior olivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid_body]. | trapezoid body |
| reticular thalamic nucleus | The thalamic reticular nucleus is part of the ventral thalamus that forms a capsule around the thalamus laterally. However, recent evidence from mice and fish question this statement and define it as dorsal thalamic structure.[1][2] It is separated from the thalamus by the external medullary lamina. Reticular cells are GABAergic, and have discoid dendritic arbors in the plane of the nucleus. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus is variously abbreviated TRN, RTN, NRT, and RT [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamic_reticular_nucleus]. | thalamic reticular nucleus |
| premamillary nucleus | The term premammillary nuclei refers to two groups of cells demonstrated by Nissl stain ventrally in the posterior hypothalamic region just rostral to the medial mammillary nucleus. They are the dorsal premammillary nucleus and the ventral premammillary nucleus. They are prominent in the rat (Swanson., 2004) and the mouse (Hof., 2000). Some authors report them also in the macaque (Bleier., 1984), though others indicate that they are represented only by a small group of cells in that species (Crosby., 1962; Paxinos., 2009). They are not detectable by Nissl stain in the human (Saper., 2004) [BrainInfo: http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=418]. | premammillary nuclei; premammillary nucleus; premamillary nuclei |
| medial mamillary nucleus | The term medial mammillary nucleus refers to a well defined group of cells located ventromedially in the posterior hypothalamic region of the human, macaque, rat and mouse. Defined on the basis of Nissl stain it is the most prominent cell group in the volume bounded by the mammillary body. In the human (Saper., 2004) and the macaque (Paxinos., 2009) it is composed of two parts, the medial part of the medial mammillary nucleus and the lateral part of the medial mammillary nucleus. In the rat (Swanson., 2004) and the mouse (Hof., 2000) it is composed of two different parts: body of the medial mammillary nucleus and median part of the medial mammillary nucleus [BrainInfo: http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=414]. | medial mammillary nuclei; medial mammillary nucleus; medial mamillary nuclei |
| superior olivary nucleus | The superior olivary complex (or SOC or superior olive) is a collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways. The SOC is intimately related to the trapezoid body: most of the cell groups of the SOC are dorsal (posterior in primates) to this axon bundle while a number of cell groups are embedded in the trapezoid body. Overall, the SOC displays a significant interspecies variation, being largest in bats and rodents and smaller in primates [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex]. | — |
| substantia nigra | The substantia nigra is located in the mesencephalon (mid brain) region of the brain. It is part of the basal ganglia [Brenda]. | — |
| nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal | The spinal trigeminal nucleus is a nucleus in the medulla that receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and temperature from the ipsilateral face. The facial (cranial nerve 7), glossopharyngeal (CN9), and vagus nerves (CN10) also convey pain information from their areas to the spinal trigeminal nucleus.[1]. Thus the spinal trigeminal nucleus receives input from cranial nerves 5,7,9,10. This nucleus projects to the ventral posterior medial nucleus in the dorsal thalamus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus]. | spinal trigeminal nucleus |
| spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve | The spinal accessory nucleus lies within the cervical spinal cord (C1-C5) in the ventral horn. The nucleus ambiguus is classically said to provide the "cranial component" of the accessory nerve. However, the very existence of this cranial component has been recently questioned and seen as contributing exclusively to the vagus nerve. The terminology continues to be used in describing both human anatomy, and that of other animals [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_accessory_nucleus]. | spinal accessory nucleus |
| nucleus of the tractus solitarius | The solitary tract and nucleus are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) cranial nerves [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_nucleus]. | solitary nucleus |
| saccule | The smaller of two membranous sacs in the vestibule of the inner ear [Brenda]. | — |
| globus pallidus | The smaller and more medial part of the lentiform nucleus of the brain, separated from the putamen by the lateral medullary lamina. In official anatomic nomenclature, it is divided by the medial medullary lamina into two parts, lateral and medial, both of which have extensive connections with the corpus striatum, thalamus, and mesencephalon.nThe paleostriatum is the phylogenetically older part of the corpus striatum represented by the globus pallidus [Brenda]. | — |
| salivatory nuclei | The salivatory nuclei are the inferior salivatory nucleus and the superior salivatory nucleus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivatory_nuclei]. | — |
| red nucleus | The red nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It comprises a caudal magnocellular and a rostral parvocellular part [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_nucleus]. | — |
| putamen | The putamen is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain (telencephalon). The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus. The main function of the putamen is to regulate movements and influence various types of learning. It employs dopamine to perform its functions. The putamen also plays a role in degenerative neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putamen]. | — |
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