| white matter | White matter is one of the two components of the central nervous system and consists mostly of glial cells and myelinated axons that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and between the cerebrum and lower brain centers. White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color is due to its usual preservation in formaldehyde. A 20 year-old male has around 176,000 km of myelinated axons in his brain [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter]. | — |
| ciliary body | Tissue that includes the group of muscles that act on the eye lens to produce accommodation and the arterial circle of the iris. The inner ciliary epithelium is continuous with the pigmented retinal epithelium, the outer ciliary epithelium secretes the aqueous humour [Brenda]. | — |
| semicircular canal | Three membranous semicircular tubes contained in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear. They are concerned with equilibrium and the interpretation of the bodys position in space. The three canals are set anterior, posterior, and lateral, at right angles to each other and are situated superior and posterior to the vestibule [Brenda]. | — |
| occipital lobe | This lobe is located at the back of the head and is involved in vision and reading [Brenda]. | — |
| vulva | The vulva (from the Latin vulva, plural vulvae, see etymology) consists of the external genital organs of the female mammal. This article deals with the vulva of the human being, although the structures are similar for other mammals [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulva]. | — |
| visual | The visual system is the part of the central nervous system which enables organisms to process visual detail, as well as enabling several non-image forming photoresponse functions. It interprets information from visible light to build a representation of the surrounding world. The visual system accomplishes a number of complex tasks, including the reception of light and the formation of monocular representations; the construction of a binocular perception from a pair of two dimensional projections; the identification and categorization of visual objects; assessing distances to and between objects; and guiding body movements in relation to visual objects. The psychological manifestation of visual information is known as visual perception, a lack of which is called blindness. Non-image forming visual functions, independent of visual perception, include the pupillary light reflex (PLR) and circadian photoentrainment [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_system]. | — |
| visual apparatus | The visual apparatus consists of nervous tissues immediately concerned in giving rise to sensations, supported, protected, and nourished by other parts. Its essential parts are, (1) the retina, a thin membrane lying in the eyeball and containing microscopic elements which are so acted upon by light as to stimulate (2) the optic nerve; this nerve ends (3) in a part of the brain (visual centre) which when stimulated arouses in our consciousness a feeling or sensation of sight. The visual centre may be excited in very many ways, and quite independently of the optic nerve or the retina; as is frequently seen in delirious persons, in whom inflammation or congestion of the brain excites directly the visual centre and gives rise to visual hallucinations [Newell Martin, 1895: http://bookdome.com/health/anatomy/Human-Body/The-Human-Visual-Apparatus.html]. | — |
| vestibule | The vestibule is the central part of the osseous labyrinth, and is situated medial to the tympanic cavity, behind the cochlea, and in front of the semicircular canals. The etymology comes from the Latin vestibulum, literally an entrance hall [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear]. | vestibule of the ear |
| vestibular nuclei | The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei]. | — |
| ventromedial nucleus | The ventromedial nucleus (sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventromedial_nucleus]. | — |
| ventricular system | The ventricular system is a set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_system]. | — |
| left ventricle | The ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart. The left ventricle is the chamber that receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it out under high pressure to the body via the aorta [Brenda]. | — |
| ventral posterior thalamic nucleus | The ventral posterior nucleus is the somato-sensory relay nucleus in thalamus of the brain. The ventral posterior nucleus receives neuronal input from the medial lemniscus, spinal lemniscus, spinothalamic tracts, and trigeminothalamic tract. It projects to the somatosensory cortex and the ascending reticuloactivation system. Functions in touch, body position, pain, temperature, itch, taste, and arousal [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_posterior_nucleus]. | — |
| hypothalamus | The ventral part of the diencephalon that forms the floor and part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle. Anatomically, it includes the preoptic area, optic tract, optic chiasm, mammillary bodies, tuber cinereum, infundibulum, and neurohypophysis, but for physiological purposes the neurohypophysis is considered a distinct structure. The hypothalamus may be divided into five regions or areas (area hypothalamica rostralis, area hypothalamica dorsalis, area hypothalamica intermedia, area hypothalamica lateralis and area hypothalamica posterior) or into three longitudinal zones (periventricular zone, medial zone, and lateral zone). The hypothalamic nuclei constitute that part of the corticodiencephalic mechanism that activates, controls and integrates the peripheral autonomic mechanisms, endocrine activity, and many somatic functions, e.g., a general regulation of water balance, body temperature, sleep, and food intake, and the development of secondary sex characteristics. The hypothalamus secretes vasopressin and oxytocin, which are stored in the pituitary, as well as many releasing factors (hypophysiotropic hormones), by means of which it exerts control over functions of the adenohypophysis [Brenda]. | — |
| anterior ventral thalamic nucleus | The ventral anterior nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus. The ventral anterior nucleus receives neuronal inputs from the basal ganglia which includes the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus. It also has inputs from the cerebellum. It sends out neuronal input to the supplementary motor cortex and to primary motor cortex. It helps to function in planning movement. It initiates wanted movement and inhibits unwanted movement [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_anterior_nucleus]. | ventral anterior nucleus |
| ventral anterior thalamic nucleus | The ventral anterior nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_anterior_nucleus]. | — |
| placenta | The vascular organ in mammals except monotremes and marsupials that unites the fetus to the maternal uterus and mediates its metabolic exchanges through a more or less intimate association of uterine mucosal with chorionic and usually allantoic tissues; also: an analogous organ in another animal [Brenda]. | — |
| urogenital system | The urinary system and genital system considered together [Brenda]. | — |
| nasopharynx | The upper part of the throat behind the nose. An opening on each side of the nasopharynx leads into the ear [Brenda]. | — |
| upper limb | The upper limb or upper extremity is the region in an animal extending from the deltoid region to the hand, including the arm, axilla and shoulder [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_limb]. | — |
| parietal lobe | The upper central lobe of the cerebral hemisphere, separated from the temporal lobe below by the lateral sulcus, but continuous at the posterior end of that sulcus, and separated from the frontal lobe by the central sulcus. Behind, it is continuous with the occipital lobe on the lateral surface, but separated from it by the parietooccipital sulcus on the medial surface [Brenda]. | — |
| ulna | The ulna is one of the two long bones in the forearm, the other being the radius. It is prismatic in form and runs parallel to the radius, which is shorter and smaller. In anatomical position (i.e. when the arms are down at the sides of the body and the palms of the hands face forward) the ulna is located at the side of the forearm closest to the body (the medial side), the side of the little finger [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna]. | — |
| intestine | The tubular part of the alimentary canal that extends from the stomach to the anus [Brenda]. | — |
| hair follicle | The tubular epithelial sheath that surrounds the lower part of the hair shaft and encloses at the bottom a vascular papilla supplying the growing basal part of the hair with nourishment [Brenda]. | — |
| tuberomamillary nucleus | The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber_cinereum]. | — |
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