| skin | The integument of an animal (as a fur-bearing mammal or a bird) separated from the body usually with its hair or feathers [Brenda]. | — |
| appendages | In invertebrate biology, an appendage (or outgrowth) is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body (in verterbrate biology, an example would be a vertebrate's limbs). It is a general term that covers any of the homologous body parts that may extend from a body segment. These include antennae, mouthparts (including mandibles, maxillae and maxillipeds), wings, elytra, gills, walking legs (pereiopods), swimming legs (pleopods), sexual organs (gonopods), and parts of the tail (uropods). Typically, each body segment carries one pair of appendages [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendage]. | — |
| central nervous system | The central nervous system is that part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system (CNS) is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. The other is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which is outside the brain and spinal cord [Brenda]. | — |
| peripheral nervous system | The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the central nervous system (CNS) to sensory organs (such as the eye and ear), other organs of the body, muscles, blood vessels and glands [Brenda]. | — |
| diaphragm | The thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen [Brenda]. | — |
| adipose tissue | Connective tissue in which fat is stored and which has the cells distended by droplets of fat [Brenda]. | — |
| mucosa | A membrane lining all body passages that communicate with the air, such as the respiratory and alimentary tracts, and having cells and associated glands that secrete mucus [Brenda]. | — |
| subcutaneous | The hypodermis, also called the hypoderm, subcutaneous tissue, or superficial fascia is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. (Hypoderm and subcutaneous are from Greek and Latin words, respectively, for "beneath the skin.")Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. In arthropods, the hypodermis is an epidermal layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle. The term also refers to a layer of cells lying immediately below the epidermis of plants [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue]. | — |
| fibroblasts | A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast]. | — |
| lymphocytes | A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte]. | — |
| plasma | Blood plasma is the straw-colored liquid component of blood in which the blood cells in whole blood are normally suspended. It makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside of cells). It is mostly water (93% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation). Plasma also serves as the protein reserve of the human body. It plays a vital role in intravascular osmotic effect that keeps electrolyte in balance form and protects the body from infection and other blood disorders [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma]. | — |
| excretory system | The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from an organism, so as to help maintain homeostasis within the organism and prevent damage to the body. It is responsible for the elimination of the waste products of metabolism as well as other liquid and gaseous wastes. As most healthy functioning organs produce metabolic and other wastes, the entire organism depends on the function of the system; however, only the organs specifically for the excretion process are considered a part of the excretory system. The excretory system gets rid of waste called urine or "pee" [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretory_system]. | — |
| tubule | A tubule is a very small tube or fistular structure. A system of surface-connected membranes in muscle that enables a nerve impulse to travel to the interior of the muscle fibre. In anatomy, a tubule is a minute tube lined with glandular epithelium [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubule]. | — |
| B cell | B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells). The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction. B cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell]. | — |
| memory B cell | Memory B cells are a B cell sub-type that are formed following primary infection [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_B_cell]. | — |
| T cell | T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus, and thus, can also be called thymocytes. There are several subsets of T cells, each with a distinct function [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell]. | — |
| T regulatory cell | Regulatory T cells (Treg), sometimes known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells which downregulates the immune system, maintains tolerance to self-antigens, and downregulates autoimmune disease. Mouse models have suggested that modulation of Tregs can treat autoimmune disease and cancer, and facilitate organ transplantation [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_T_cell]. | — |
| stromal cell | Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere [Brenda]. | — |
| naive T cell | A naive T cell or Th0 cell is a T cell that has differentiated in bone marrow, and successfully undergone the positive and negative processes of central selection in the thymus. A naive T cell is considered mature and unlike activated T cells or memory T cells it has not encountered its cognate antigen within the periphery [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_T_cell]. | — |
| neutrophil | A granulocyte that is the chief phagocytic white blood cell of the blood [Brenda]. | — |
| macrophage | Relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues, derived from blood monocyte. Macrophages from different sites have distinctly different properties. Main types are peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, tissue macrophages (histiocytes), Kuppfer cells of the liver, and osteoclasts. In response to foreign materials may become stimulated or activated. Macrophages play an important role in killing of some bacteria, protozoa, and tumour cells, release substances that stimulate other cells of the immune system, and are involved in antigen presentation. May further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to epithelioid cells or may fuse to form foreign body giant cells or Langhans' giant cells [Brenda]. | — |
| natural killer cell | A large granular lymphocyte capable of killing a tumor or microbial cell without prior exposure to the target cell and without having it presented with or marked by a histocompatibility antigen [Brenda]. | — |
| dendritic cell | A special type of cell that is a key regulator of the immune system, acting as a professional antigen-presenting cell, APC, capable of activating naive T cells and stimulating the growth and differentiation of B cells. Dendritic cells are found, for example, in the lymph nodes and spleen. As an APC, a dendritic cell can retain antigen for long periods on its surface, present the antigen to a T or B cell and so influence their behavior [Brenda]. | — |
| leukocyte | Any of the blood cells that are colorless, lack hemoglobin, contain a nucleus, and include the lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils [Brenda]. | — |
| elastin | Elastin is a protein in connective tissue that is elastic and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting. Elastin helps skin to return to its original position when it is poked or pinched. Elastin is also an important load-bearing tissue in the bodies of vertebrates and used in places where mechanical energy is required to be stored. In humans, elastin is encoded by the ELN gene [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastin]. | — |
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