| visual | The visual system is the part of the central nervous system which enables organisms to process visual detail, as well as enabling several non-image forming photoresponse functions. It interprets information from visible light to build a representation of the surrounding world. The visual system accomplishes a number of complex tasks, including the reception of light and the formation of monocular representations; the construction of a binocular perception from a pair of two dimensional projections; the identification and categorization of visual objects; assessing distances to and between objects; and guiding body movements in relation to visual objects. The psychological manifestation of visual information is known as visual perception, a lack of which is called blindness. Non-image forming visual functions, independent of visual perception, include the pupillary light reflex (PLR) and circadian photoentrainment [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_system]. | — |
| vestibule | The vestibule is the central part of the osseous labyrinth, and is situated medial to the tympanic cavity, behind the cochlea, and in front of the semicircular canals. The etymology comes from the Latin vestibulum, literally an entrance hall [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear]. | vestibule of the ear |
| vestibular nuclei | The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei]. | — |
| vermis | The cerebellar vermis (Latin for worm) is located in the medial, cortico-nuclear zone of the cerebellum, residing in the posterior fossa of the cranium. The primary fissure in the vermis curves ventrolaterally to the superior surface of the cerebellum, dividing it into anterior and posterior lobes. Functionally, the vermis is associated with bodily posture and locomotion. The vermis is included within the spinocerebellum and receives somatic sensory input from the head and proximal body parts via ascending spinal pathways [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis]. | — |
| ventromedial nucleus | The ventromedial nucleus (sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventromedial_nucleus]. | — |
| ventral thalamic nuclei | An area in the thalamus in the ventrolateral nuclear group consisting of a number of nuclei [Neurp: http://neuro.imm.dtu.dk/services/jerne/brede/WOROI_244.html]. The most rostral of the subdivisions of the ventral nucleus, receiving projections from the globus pallidus and projecting to the premotor and frontal cortex [Biology-Online: http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Ventral_anterior_nucleus_of_thalamus]. | nucleus ventralis; anterior thalami |
| ventral posterior thalamic nucleus | The ventral posterior nucleus is the somato-sensory relay nucleus in thalamus of the brain. The ventral posterior nucleus receives neuronal input from the medial lemniscus, spinal lemniscus, spinothalamic tracts, and trigeminothalamic tract. It projects to the somatosensory cortex and the ascending reticuloactivation system. Functions in touch, body position, pain, temperature, itch, taste, and arousal [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_posterior_nucleus]. | — |
| ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus | The composite middle third of the ventral nucleus receiving in its various parts distinctive projections from the contralateral half of the cerebellum (by way of the superior cerebellar peduncle) and the ipsilateral globus pallidus; nearly all parts of the nucleus project to the motor cortex [MediLexicon: http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=61784]. | nucleus ventralis intermedius; nucleus ventralis lateralis; ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus |
| ventral anterior thalamic nucleus | The ventral anterior nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_anterior_nucleus]. | — |
| utricle | The part of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear into which the semicircular canals open [Brenda]. | utriculus |
| tuberomamillary nucleus | The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber_cinereum]. | — |
| trochlear nucleus | The nucleus of the trochlear nerve is located in the midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus. It is a motor nucleus, so is located near the midline [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochlear_nucleus]. | — |
| trigeminal nucleus | One of the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve, consisting of a slender column of cells in the lateral central gray matter of the superior part of the fourth ventral and cerebral aqueduct. It is the only central nervous system site of primary sensory neurons; its cells resemble posterior root ganglion cells. The peripheral processes of the cells, which form the mesencephalic tract, carry proprioceptive impulses; the central processes have widespread cerebellar and brain stem connections, including the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve [Brenda]. | — |
| trapezoid nucleus | The trapezoid body is part of the auditory pathway. It is a bundle of fibers and cells in the pontine tegmentum. It consists of fibers arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus. A collection of nerve cells inside forms a trapezoid nucleus. The superior olivary nucleus is situated on the dorsal surface of the trapezoid body. Most nerve fibers pass directly from the superior olivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid_body]. | trapezoid body |
| temporal lobe | One of the two parietal lobes of the brain located behind the frontal lobe at the top of the brain. Parietal Lobe, Right - Damage to this area can cause visuo-spatial deficits (for example, the patient may have difficulty finding their way around new, or even familiar, places). Parietal Lobe, Left - Damage to this area may disrupt a patient's ability to understand spoken and/or written language. The parietal lobes contain the primary sensory cortex which controls sensation (touch, pressure). Behind the primary sensory cortex is a large association area that controls fine sensation (judgment of texture, weight, size, shape) [Brenda]. | — |
| supraspinal nucleus | A transverse section across the lower medulla oblongata intersects the dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi, which are continuous with their counterparts in the spinal cord. The ventral funiculi are separated from the central grey matter by corticospinal fibres, which cross in the pyramidal decussation to reach the contralateral lateral funiculi. The decussation displaces the central grey matter and central canal dorsally. Continuity between the ventral grey column and central grey matter, which is maintained throughout the spinal cord, is lost. The column subdivides into the supraspinal nucleus (continuous above with that of the hypoglossal nerve), which is the efferent source of the first cervical nerve, and the spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve, which provides some spinal accessory fibres and merges rostrally with the nucleus ambiguus [Gray's Anatomy]. | — |
| supraoptic nucleus | A sharply defined nucleus of nerve cells in the anterior hypothalamic region, immediately above the lateral part of the optic chiasm; many of its cells are neurosecretory in function, secreting vasopressin, which is carried to the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) by the fibers of the supraopticohypophysial tract; other cells are osmoreceptors, which respond to increased osmotic pressure to signal the release of vasopressin by the neurohypophysis [Brenda]. | — |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | A small group of neurons situated immediately dorsal to the optic chiasma in the anterior hypothalamus [Brenda]. | — |
| superior olivary nucleus | The superior olivary complex (or SOC or superior olive) is a collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways. The SOC is intimately related to the trapezoid body: most of the cell groups of the SOC are dorsal (posterior in primates) to this axon bundle while a number of cell groups are embedded in the trapezoid body. Overall, the SOC displays a significant interspecies variation, being largest in bats and rodents and smaller in primates [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex]. | — |
| subthalamic nucleus | A biconvex mass of gray matter on the medial side of the junction of the internal capsule and the crus cerebri; its chief connections are with the globus pallidus [Brenda]. | — |
| substantia nigra | The substantia nigra is located in the mesencephalon (mid brain) region of the brain. It is part of the basal ganglia [Brenda]. | — |
| submedial thalamic nucleus | Thalamic nucleus separated from the ventromedial part of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thanalmus by the internal medullary lamina (Paxinos The rat nervous system 2nd ed, Academic Press, 1995) [NeuroLex: http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Submedial_nucleus]. | submedial nucleus thalamus; submedial nucleus of thalamus; nucleus submedius thalami; gelatinosus thalamic nucleus; submedial thalamic nucleus |
| spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve | The spinal accessory nucleus lies within the cervical spinal cord (C1-C5) in the ventral horn. The nucleus ambiguus is classically said to provide the "cranial component" of the accessory nerve. However, the very existence of this cranial component has been recently questioned and seen as contributing exclusively to the vagus nerve. The terminology continues to be used in describing both human anatomy, and that of other animals [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_accessory_nucleus]. | spinal accessory nucleus |
| semicircular canal | Three membranous semicircular tubes contained in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear. They are concerned with equilibrium and the interpretation of the bodys position in space. The three canals are set anterior, posterior, and lateral, at right angles to each other and are situated superior and posterior to the vestibule [Brenda]. | — |
| secondary olfactory cortex | Brodmann's area 28; major gateway for neocortical input to the hippocampus; origin of the perforant pathway; a component of the medial temporal lobe memory system. (CSP) * The cytoarchitecturally well-defined area of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY (Stedman, 25th ed) (MSH) [NeuroLex: http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Secondary_olfactory_cortex]. | secondary olfactory cortical area; area 28 of Brodmann; secondary olfactory areas |
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