Factors

We need to know every factor which determines lifespan.

Lifespan factors often but not always originate from defined genetic elements. They are not just genes, by definition they can be anything for which a Classifications schema can be build for that is related to the regulation of lifespan, such entities may include Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism, transcript variants, proteins and their complexes, compounds (i.e. small molecules like metabolites and drugs), etc. A factor should be based on a defined molecular entity or genomic position and been classified. It shall be highly flexible and scalable Concept.

While individual lifespan factors within each species or precise defined molecular entities will be captured within the Lifespan App, Data Entries of the Data App may summarize for instance the relevance of each factor class (e.g. homologous group; chemical derivate of related structure and properties, etc.) as well as draw overall conclusions. o

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  • symbol name observation species
    14-3-3epsilon CG31196 gene product from transcript CG31196-RA Loss of 14-3-3ε results in increased stress-induced apoptosis, growth repression and extended lifespan of flies, in a foxo-dependent manner. Mean lifespan of males and females is increased by 25% and 49%, respectively. Increased 14-3-3ε expression also reverts foxo-induced growth defects. No effect of lifespan is observed when overexpressing 14-3-3ε in adipose tissue, indicating that endogenous foxo activity in this tissue is low under normal conditions [18665908]. Fruit fly
    16S rRNA 16S rRNA was found to be associated with longevity [10996007]. Human
    2-ME 2-Mercaptoethanol Animals fed a diet supplemented with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) exhibit an increased mean and maximum lifespan [6334792]. T-cell-dependent immune responses are higher in the 2-ME-fed mice compared to the controls when the animals are young. The accumulation of fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation damage is also delayed in the lymphocytes of the 2-ME-fed mice and tumor onset and incidence is reduced in these animals [6334792]. House mouse
    2-MEA 2-Mercaptoethylanime hydrochloride Addition of 1% by weight 2-MEA to the diet of male LAF mice, started shortly after weaning, increases average lifespan by approximately 30%, but does not extend maximum lifespan [5723482; 11795501]. Addition of 2-MEA to the maternal diet of female mice increases the lifespan of male and female offspring by 15 and 8%, respectively [Harman & Eddy, 1979; 11795501]. Addition of 2-MEA of an antioxidant mixture containing ethoxyquin and 2-MEA to the diet of dietary restricted mice shortens lifespan approximately 20% [2394907]. References ---------------- Harman, D., and Eddy, D. E. (1979). Free radical theory of aging: beneficial effect of adding antioxidants to the maternal mouse diet on life span of offspring: possible explanation of the sex difference in longevity. Age 2, 109-22. House mouse
    3p22-24 region 3p22-24 region was found to be associated with longevity [22506048]. Human
    3p24-22 3p24-22 was found to be associated with longevity [20824210]. Human
    5HTT solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, serotonin), member 4 5HTT was found to be associated with longevity [16095668]. Human
    6q25-27 region 6q25-27 region was found to be associated with longevity [22773346]. Human
    AAC3 Mitochondrial inner membrane ADP/ATP translocator, exchanges cytosolic ADP for mitochondrially synthesized ATP; expressed under anaerobic conditions; similar to Pet9p and Aac1p; has roles in maintenance of viability and in respiration Replicative lifespan increased by 15% in the alpha strain Budding yeast
    aak-1 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 aak-1 does not appear to be required for the control of lifespan [15574588]. Nematode
    aak-2 AMP-Activated Kinase 2 AAK-2 could be a sensor that couples energy levels and insulin-like signals to lifespan. aak-2(ok524) knockout mutants have a 12% and 18% shorter mean and maximum lifespan, respectively as well as faster age-dependent accumulation of a lipofuscin-like fluorescent pigment in the intestine [15574588]. sDR increases AMP:ATP ratio. aak-2 mutation suppresses lifespan extension and delay of the decline in locomotor activity resulting from sDR. A constitutive active mutation of aak-2 is sufficient to cause increase stress resistance as well as to significantly extend lifespan. Both increased stress resistance and extended lifespan is reverted in daf-16 knockdown by RNAi. sod-3 mRNA is increased by constitutive active form of aak-2 and decreased by aak-2 mutation. The increase in sod-3 mRNA is dependent on expression of DAF-16. Worm and human AMPK phosphorylate DAF-16 (greatly enhanced by presence of AMP) at least in six residues (T166, S202, S314, S321, T463 and S466) [17900900]. aak-2 mutation cancels out the lifespan extension effect of sDR and PD, regardless of the concentration of bacteria or peptones. bDR significantly extends lifespan of aak-2 mutants, but to lesser extent than that of wild-type. eat-2 mutation extends the lifespan of aak-2 mutants to the same extent than that of wild-type. Resveratrol does not increase lifespan of aak-2 mutants [19239417]. daf-2(m577);aak-2(ok524) double mutant has a lifespan that is indistinguishable from those of aak-2(ok524) single mutant. Transgenic animals with a higher aak-2 gene dose live on average 13% longer with a maximum lifespan extension on up to 25% [15574588]. Nematode
    aakb-1 AMP-Activated Kinase Beta subunit 1 RNA interference of aakb-1 results in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin [16673436]. Nematode
    aakb-2 AMP-Activated Kinase Beta subunit 2 RNA interference of aakb-2 results in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin [16673436]. Nematode
    aakg-2 AMP-Activated protein Kinase Gamma subunit 2 aakg-2 overexpression extends mean, median, and maximum lifespan by 47, 45, and 35%. Overexpression of aakg-2 toegther with D. rerio ucp2 was non-additive with sDR [22737090]. Nematode
    AAT serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 1 AAT was found to be associated with longevity [17048073]. AAT was found to be associated with longevity [17048073]. Human
    aat-8 Amino Acid Transporter 8 RNA interference of aat-8 increases mean lifespan by 30% [17608836]. Nematode
    AAT1 Aspartate AminoTransferase 1 Overexpression of AAT1 extends replicative lifespan by 25% and does not synergize with 0.5% glucose restriction [18381895]. Budding yeast
    AAT2 Cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase, involved in nitrogen metabolism; localizes to peroxisomes in oleate-grown cells Replicative lifespan increased by 15% Budding yeast
    ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 1 The R219K SNP was examined in 256 centenarians and 190 healthy younger controls. The allelic frequency were not different between the two groups [12601526]. Human
    Abca2 ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 2 Abca2 is transcriptional downregulated in the cerebral cortex at the age 28 months under different longevity conditions such as under dietary restriction (DR) as well as in feeding switch regimens that result in extended lifespan, like early age switch to DR as well as the reverse switch under the influence of the DR-mimetic α-lipoic acid (i.e. DR switched to ad libitum+ lipoic acid) [Shona et al. 2013]. Norway rat
    ABCA7 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 7 ABCA7 was not found to be associated with longevity [22445811]. Human
    ABCC4 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 4 ABCC4 was found to be associated with longevity [22533364]. Human
    ABCC8 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 8 ABCC8 was not found to be associated with longevity [21612516]. Human
    abce-1 ABC transporter, class E abce-1 RNAi in the adulthood extends the lifespan [New longevity regulators]. Nematode
    abcx-1 ABC transporter, eXtended 1 RNA interferenceof abcx-1 in adulthood extends mean lifespan by 16% [17521386]. Nematode
    Factors are an extension of GenAge and GenDR.

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