| oral cavity | The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth]. | — |
| pharynx | The part of the vertebrate alimentary canal between the cavity of the mouth and the esophagus.nThe pharynx of Nematodes is an efficient pump and forces food into the intestines [Brenda]. | — |
| oesophagus | The esophagus (oesophagus) is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. During swallowing, food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus and travels via peristalsis to the stomach. The word esophagus is derived from the Latin Åsophagus, which derives from the Greek word oisophagos, lit. "entrance for eating." In humans the esophagus is continuous with the laryngeal part of the pharynx at the level of the C6 vertebra. The esophagus passes through posterior mediastinum in thorax and enters abdomen through a hole in the diaphragm at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebrae (T10). It is usually about 25â30 cm long depending on individual height. It is divided into cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts. Due to the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, the entry to the esophagus opens only when swallowing or vomiting [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus]. | — |
| stomach | A dilatation of the alimentary canal of a vertebrate communicating anteriorly with the esophagus and posteriorly with the duodenum [Brenda]. | — |
| intestine | The tubular part of the alimentary canal that extends from the stomach to the anus [Brenda]. | — |
| mesentery | One or more vertebrate membranes that consist of a double fold of the peritoneum and invest the intestines and their appendages and connect them with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity [Brenda]. | — |
| omentum | A sheet of fat that is covered by peritoneum. The greater omentum is attached to the bottom edge of the stomach, and hangs down in front of the intestines. Its other edge is attached to the transverse colon. The lesser omentum is attached to the top edge of the stomach, and extends to the undersurface of the liver [Omentum: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4632]. | — |
| peritoneum | The smooth transparent serous membrane that lines the cavity of the abdomen of a mammal and is folded inward over the abdominal and pelvic viscera [Brenda]. | — |
| liver and biliary system | The biliary system consists of the organs and ducts (bile ducts, gallbladder, and associated structures) that are involved in the production and transportation of bile [MedicalCenter: http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/liver_biliary_pancreatic_disease/biliary_system_anatomy/Pages/index.aspx]. | — |
| pancreas | A large lobulated gland of vertebrates that secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon [Brenda]. | — |
| urinary system | The organs and passageways concerned with the production and excretion of urine, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra [Brenda]. | — |
| reproductive system | In women, the organs that are directly involved in producing eggs and in conceiving and carrying babies. In men, the organs directly involved in creating, storing, and delivering sperm to fertilize an egg [Brenda]. | — |
| endocrine pancreas | That part of the pancreas that acts as an endocrine gland, consisting of the islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and sometimes pancreatic polypeptide directly into the bloodstream [Brenda]. | — |
| pineal gland | A small, cone-shaped organ in the brain of most vertebrates that secretes the hormone melatonin [Brenda]. | — |
| pituitary gland | In vertebrate anatomy the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 g (0.02 oz.) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae). The pituitary is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the infundibular stem (Pituitary stalk). The pituitary fossa, in which the pituitary gland sits, is situated in the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland secretes nine hormones that regulate homeostasis [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland]. | — |
| thyroid | The thyroid gland or simply, the thyroid (ËθaɪrÉɪd ...), in vertebrate anatomy, is one of the largest endocrine glands. The thyroid gland is found in the neck, below the thyroid cartilage (which forms the laryngeal prominence, or "Adam's apple"). The isthmus (the bridge between the two lobes of the thyroid) is located inferior to the cricoid cartilage [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid]. | — |
| parathyroid | The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone. Humans usually have four parathyroid glands, which are usually located on the rear surface of the thyroid gland, or, in rare cases, within the thyroid gland itself or in the chest. Parathyroid glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_gland]. | — |
| adrenal gland | Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine [Brenda]. | — |
| thymus | A glandular structure of largely lymphoid tissue that functions especially in the development of the body's immune system, is present in the young of most vertebrates typically in the upper anterior chest or at the base of the neck, and tends to atrophy in the adult [Brenda]. | — |
| bone | The hard form of connective tissue that constitutes the majority of the skeleton of most vertebrates; it consists of an organic component (the cells and matrix) and an inorganic, or mineral, component; the matrix contains a framework of collagenous fibers and is impregnated with the mineral component, chiefly calcium phosphate (85 per cent) and calcium carbonate (10 per cent), which imparts the quality of rigidity to bone [Brenda]. | — |
| cartilage | A specialized, fibrous connective tissue, forming most of the temporary skeleton of the embryo, providing a model in which most of the bones develop, and constituting an important part of the growth mechanism of the organism. It exists in several types, the most important of which are hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Also used as a general term to designate a mass of such tissue in a particular site in the body [Brenda]. | — |
| joint | The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it [Brenda]. | — |
| muscle | A body tissue consisting of long cells that contract when stimulated and produce motion [Brenda]. | — |
| tendon | A tough cord or band of dense white fibrous connective tissue that unites a muscle with some other part (as a bone) and transmits the force which the muscle exerts [Brenda]. | — |
| fascia | A sheet of connective tissue covering or binding together body structures as muscles [Brenda]. | — |
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